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CPR Scholar Biographies

FRANK ACKERMAN

Current Position: Dr. Ackerman is the Director of the Research and Policy Program at the Global Development and Environment Institute at Tufts University in Medford, Massachusetts.

Expertise: Dr. Ackerman is an economist with extensive experience in analyzing the economics of waste, pollution, and energy. He has written widely on the limitations of cost-benefit analysis and market-based environmental policies, the environmental impacts of free trade, and alternative approaches to economic theory.

Real World Experience: As a senior researcher at the Tellus Institute in Boston (1985-95), Ackerman worked as an expert witness and consultant for numerous state agencies involved in energy regulation, the development of solid waste policies, and other issues. He has worked extensively with EPA's Office of Solid Waste; at their request, he wrote the first draft of the interagency statement, "Recycling...for the Future: Consider the Benefits." The statement was published by the White House Task Force on Recycling, and distributed by the Office of the Federal Environmental Executive until 2001. He co-authored three recent reports (lead author on two) to the North American Commission on Environmental Cooperation, on environmental impacts of economic integration under NAFTA. He also directed a recent study for the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change, analyzing the data submitted by national agencies on greenhouse gas emissions from waste management activities.

Ackerman has worked closely with environmental advocates on a number of issues, including: detailed comments on arsenic regulation, and on stormwater runoff regulation, developed with the Natural Resources Defense Council; analysis of Clean Water Act 316(b) regulations (governing power plant cooling water intake systems) developed with Riverkeeper; ongoing work on the economics of replacing toxic chemicals, with Coming Clean, the national anti-PVC coalition, and with the Alliance for a Healthy Tomorrow, a Massachusetts anti-toxics coalition; and critiques of the environmental impacts of current and proposed free trade treaties, in cooperation with groups concerned about the impacts of globalization.

Work Experience: After receiving a PhD in economics from Harvard University, Dr. Ackerman began his career as a founder and editor of Dollars & Sense magazine, writing monthly commentaries on the state of the U.S. economy. He subsequently taught economics at the University of Massachusetts. At Tellus Institute from 1985 to 1995, he was frequently an expert witness on energy regulation; he was also one of the developers of a Third World energy planning model, which he used in Brazil and Zambia. Other work at Tellus included economic analysis of solid waste planning options for state agencies, for New York City and other municipalities, and for international agencies. Dr. Ackerman was the principal investigator for Tellus Institute's widely cited life cycle analysis of the comparative environmental impacts of packaging materials.

Since 1995, at Tufts University's Global Development and Environment Institute (GDAE), Ackerman has served as director and lead editor for several volumes of the institute's Frontier Issues in Economic Thought series; he has taught statistics, introductory economics, and environmental economics in the Tufts graduate program in public policy; and he has launched GDAE's Research and Policy program, applying the institute's alternative, socially and environmentally engaged perspective on economics to practical policy issues.

Publications: Dr. Ackerman's 1997 book, Why Do We Recycle? Markets, Values, and Public Policy, has developed an international reputation for its analysis of the economic and environmental meaning of recycling. His article about the mathematical inconsistency in mainstream economic theory, "Still Dead After All These Years," published in 2002, was widely circulated in pre-publication form among critics of conventional economics. He was one of the contributing authors to the Third Assessment Report from the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) in 2001. Notable recent publications include "Pricing the Priceless: Cost-Benefit Analysis of Environmental Protection," jointly with Lisa Heinzerling (published in the University of Pennsylvania Law Review in 2002, and voted one of the ten best environmental and land use law review articles of the year); and "Prospering With Precaution," jointly with Rachel Massey.

Ackerman is co-author of three books under contract with major publishers, playing an active role in the first two. His collaboration with Lisa Heinzerling (which has already produced several articles and working papers, and a widely distributed report on the limits of cost-benefit analysis) is leading to publication of their book, Priceless: Human Health, the Environment, and the Limits of the Market, by the New Press in January 2004. Ackerman and Alejandro Nadal, an economist at El Colegio de Mexico, are producing a book of their collected papers on the critique of conventional economic theory, The Flawed Foundations of General Equilibrium: Critical Essays on Economic Theory, to be published by Routledge in 2004. He is also a co-author of GDAE's forthcoming textbook, Microeconomics in Context, to be published by Houghton-Mifflin.

Other Information: Ackerman's concerns and commitments extend beyond his professional focus on the environment. His public speaking in the Boston area includes remarks in opposition to the war in Iraq, and in support of the (successful) Tufts University "justice for janitors" campaign. He is the father of two wonderful daughters, and an amateur jazz trumpet player. .

ROBERT W. ADLER

Current Position: Professor Adler is the James I. Farr Chair and Professor of Law at the University of Utah, S.J. Quinney College of Law, where he is affiliated with the Wallace Stegner Center for Land, Resources, and the Environment.

Real World Experience: For almost 25 years, Professor Adler has been involved in a wide range of complex environmental issues as a litigator, lobbyist, regulatory attorney, enforcement attorney, and in other related capacities. He has litigated or co-litigated cases involving the Three Mile Island accident, the Exxon Valdez oil spill, proposed oil drilling in the Arctic National Wildlife Refuge, and several major lawsuits regarding implementation of the Clean Water Act and other key environmental laws at the national, state, and local levels. For more than a decade, he was one of the principal lobbyists involved in Clean Water Act reauthorization efforts and the debate over proposed oil drilling in the Arctic National Wildlife Refuge. Professor Adler has also served on a number of major national advisory boards and collaborative efforts, including the Federal Advisory Committee on TMDLs (Total Maximum Daily Loads under the Clean Water Act), the Task Force on Assessing Costs of Unfunded Federal Mandates of the U.S. Advisory Commission on Intergovernmental Relations, the Management Advisory Group to the EPA Assistant Administrator for Water, and Water Quality 2000, of which he was the vice chair, and the Political Advisory Committee of the League of Conservation Voters.

Work and Government Experience: Before entering academia, Professor Adler practiced environmental law in various capacities for 15 years. He was a Senior Attorney and Clean Water Program Director at the Natural Resources Defense Council in Washington, D.C. In that capacity, he was also the founding Chair of the Clean Water Network. Previously, Mr. Adler was a staff attorney and later Executive Director of Trustees for Alaska, a nonprofit public interest environmental law firm in Anchorage, and an Assistant Attorney General and Assistant Counsel with the Pennsylvania Department of Environmental Resources. Prior to and during law school, he worked for the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, the Environmental Defense Fund, and the Environmental Law Institute. He has also served as a consultant for the National Academy of Public Administration; the Environmental Law Institute; several national, statewide and local environmental organizations; and other entities.

Publications: Professor Adler has co-authored or contributed chapters to eight books on environmental law and policy, including The Clean Water Act: 20 Years Later, of which he was the principal author. He is currently working on a book about efforts to restore various components of the Colorado River and its associated ecosystems. Professor Adler has also published dozens of articles and reports in law reviews and in policy journals regarding the Clean Water Act and other aspects of environmental law, including issues involving water pollution, watershed protection, water law and policy, federalism, administrative law, environmental crimes, environmental law and science, and other issues.

Other Information: Professor Adler has been the recipient of several notable awards and other recognition for his contribution to the field of environmental law and policy at the national and local levels. At the national level, he was a co-recipient of the National Performance Review "Hammer Award" from Vice President Al Gore as a member of EPA Combined Sewer Overflow (CSO) Negotiating Team, which successfully negotiated a national permitting policy for CSOs in the face of a protracted and heated dispute. He also received the President's Award from America's Clean Water Foundation on the Twentieth Anniversary of the Clean Water Act. In Utah, he has received the Pfeifferhorn Award, presented by a coalition of Utah environmental groups for environmental leadership and volunteer activities (2002), and the University of Utah College of Law's Peter W. Billings Excellence in Teaching Award (1999-2000). Professor Adler has served on a number of boards and advisory boards of national and local environmental organizations, including the League of Conservation Voters, Hawkwatch International, and Friends of Great Salt Lake.

JOHN APPLEGATE

Current Position: Professor Applegate is Associate Dean for Academic Affairs and Walter W. Foskett Professor of Law at the Indiana University School of Law - Bloomington.

Areas of Expertise: Professor Applegate's research and teaching have focused on environmental law, specifically risk assessment and the regulation of toxic substances and hazardous waste. He teaches or has taught the environmental law survey course, international environmental law, environmental justice, toxic torts, and Superfund. He has also taught administrative law, which is the procedural foundation for environmental law, and torts and property, which are substantively allied subjects.

Real World Experience: Since 1983, Professor Applegate has been deeply involved in advising the U.S. Department of Energy on the environmental clean-up of the nuclear weapons complex. He chaired a path-breaking citizens advisory board at the Fernald facility in southwestern Ohio, which resulted in a consensus plan for environmental remediation which met legal standards, satisfied citizen concerns, sped clean-up, and saved approximately $2 billion over original estimates. The Fernald advisory board and clean-up plan became a model for sites throughout the United States. Professor Applegate also served on the DOE Environmental Management Advisory Board from 1994-2001, advising the Assistant Secretary on all aspects of the national clean-up program, including the use of risk, public participation, and the long-term management of residual contamination. He has continued his involvement with these issues as a member of a National Research Council/National Academy of Sciences committee on the long-term management of radioactive waste.

Work and Government Experience: Following a clerkship for a federal judge, Professor Applegate worked in the private sector for a major Washington, D.C., law firm, specializing in environmental and other regulatory matters, in particular, FIFRA and TSCA. He also took a six-month sabbatical to work at a neighborhood law office of the Neighborhood Legal Services Program in D.C., working on housing and consumer protection matters. As noted above, Professor Applegate served as an advisor to the U.S. Department of Energy on environmental clean-up for 8 years.

Publications: Professor Applegate's writing follows his teaching and "real world" activities closely. He has written extensively on the use and misuse of risk assessment in environmental, safety, and health regulation generally. He is the lead author of the only law casebook to deal exclusively and comprehensively with the statutes that regulate toxic substances and hazardous wastes. Drawing in part on his DOE experience, he has written a series of articles on various phases of the environmental remediation process under the Superfund statute (CERCLA), including placing sites on the National Priorities List, the consideration of short-term risks in remediation decisions, public participation in remediation decisions, and the long-term management of residual contamination at Superfund sites. His most recent work has focused on the Precautionary Principle, a core concept in international and European environmental law, whose introduction into the United States is being stoutly resisted by corporate and industrial interests.

Other information: Professor Applegate is widely recognized in the radioactive clean-up world for his leadership in public participation. He has spoken to numerous environmental organizations, testified before Congress, and lectured to international audiences on this and related topics. He has been a peer reviewer for several studies and publications relating to these areas (soil clean-up levels, site risk assessment projects), including a number by the National Research Council/National Academy of Sciences.

WILLIAM W. BUZBEE

Current Position: Professor Buzbee is a Professor of Law and Director of the Environmental and Natural Resources Law Program at Emory Law School. He was a Visiting Professor of Law at Columbia Law School during the Spring Semester of 2003.

Expertise: Professor Buzbee has taught, lectured, and written in the areas of administrative law, environmental law, land use, federalism, and statutory interpretation since he joined the faculty at Emory Law School in 1993.

Real World Experience: While in academia, Professor Buzbee's scholarship on regulatory reform legislation, citizen enforcement of environmental laws, legislative design and interpretation, and urban sprawl policy has led to numerous invitations to speak and share draft papers around the country with other academics and government leaders. His scholarly work has been substantially influenced by his employment as an attorney-fellow at the Natural Resources Defense Council and, more significantly, his work for almost a decade as the Vice President and Litigation Committee Chair of the Georgia Center for Law in the Public Interest, the most active public interest environmental law firm and litigator in Georgia. In that capacity, he was substantially involved in all aspects of the influential litigation commenced against the federal government to prod Georgia to start fulfilling its obligations to protect water quality under the so-called TMDL (Total Maximum Daily Load) portions of the federal Clean Water Act. He has also overseen recent multi-faceted efforts to compel state and federal authorities in Georgia to issue permits complying with rigorous obligations under the Clean Air Act. He has also occasionally served as an informal legal advisor to the Upper Chattahoochee Riverkeeper. Perhaps most significantly, during his time as a professor, in 1997, Professor Buzbee raised money from foundations and was responsible for Emory Law School launching its now well-established Turner Environmental Law Clinic. He continues to spearhead fundraising efforts, has headed faculty committees designing the Clinic and hiring its clinical faculty, and heads the Clinic Advisory Committee that reviews and makes recommendations on new Clinic matters. He also obtained foundation funding for Emory and its Environmental Law Clinic to sponsor monthly lunch gatherings of legally oriented environmental not-for-profits to discuss cutting edge legal developments and areas where new representations are needed. The Clinic engages in a wide array of public interest environmental representations. Professor Buzbee also informally consulted regarding regulatory strategies with public interest and government attorneys prior to their commencing New Source Review cases challenging the legality of power plant operations at facilities that had upgraded without simultaneously improving their air pollution control efforts.

Work and Government Experience: Professor Buzbee became a professor after clerking for a federal judge, working as an attorney-fellow at the Natural Resources Defense Council, and practicing in the private sector at Patterson, Belknap, Webb & Tyler in New York City, where his work focused on environmental law, land use, regulatory and litigation matters. Much of his work while at Patterson was for public authority clients. He also handled a substantial number of pro bono matters involving issues of environmental justice, civil rights, and constitutional rights. While in private practice, he also counseled industrial clients on Clean Air Act amendments, transactional liability issues, hazardous waste liabilities, and land use procedures and environmental concerns. Both in those earlier employment settings and in his work for the Georgia Center for Law in the Public Interest and The Turner Environmental Law Clinic at Emory Law School, Professor Buzbee has been involved with counseling and litigating on behalf of dozens of environmental not-for-profits. He has also been active in improving environmental education and environmental performance at Emory University, heading the University Senate's Committee on the Environment, working with several task forces making recommendations about university environmental performance, and also serving on a committee that designed Emory's new undergraduate Environmental Studies Department.

Publications: Professor Buzbee has published a wide array of articles and book chapters on numerous public law and regulation topics. His publications in recent years have been published in Stanford Law Review, University of Pennsylvania Law Review, Michigan Law Review, Cornell Law Review, The Administrative Law Review, and an array of other journals, including the environmental journals at top law schools such at NYU and Duke. His articles have been repeatedly selected as among the top 30 environmental law articles in their years of publication and his article on "Urban Sprawl, Federalism, and the Problem of Institutional Complexity" was republished as one of the best ten such articles in the 2000 issue of Land Use & Environment Law Review. He also wrote the first two chapters in the prize-winning treatise entitled Brownfields Law & Practice (M. Gerrard, ed.). His series of articles and book contributions on urban sprawl and smart growth policy have been particularly influential, frequently cited in others' related scholarship and leading to numerous speaking invitations at other law schools and before government leaders.

HOLLY DOREMUS

Current position: Professor Doremus is Professor of Law at the University of California, Davis.

Expertise: Professor Doremus has taught Environmental Law, Property, Land Use Planning, Public Land Law, Toxics Law and Policy, Pollution Control and Remediation, and seminar classes on Wildlife Law, Endangered Species and Biodiversity Protection, and Biotechnology Law and Policy. She has co-taught a class on Environmental Biotechnology at the Bren School of Environmental Management at the University of California, Santa Barbara, and regularly lectures on environmental law and policy in ecology classes at the University of California-Davis. Her writing has largely concentrated on the protection of nature, biodiversity, and endangered species; the role of science in environmental law; management of public lands and public resources; and the relationship between private property rights and environmental regulation.

Real World Experience: While in academia, Professor Doremus has been a consultant to the CalFed Bay Delta Program, a novel intergovernmental effort to protect the ecological resources of the San Francisco Bay-Delta system while minimizing disruptions to the local farming communities and municipal water users. She has been a member of two National Academy of Sciences/National Research Council advisory committees, one on the use of adaptive management by the Army Corps of Engineers and the other on the protection of endangered species in the Platte River basin.

Work and Government Experience: Professor Doremus began her legal career as a law clerk to Judge Diarmuid O'Scannlain of the U.S. Ninth Circuit Court of Appeals. She then practiced law at a small firm in Corvallis, Oregon. A substantial part of her practice was devoted to land use law. While in practice, she did pro bono environmental law work for local citizen groups and the National Wildlife Federation. Since joining the faculty at U.C. Davis she has not been in active practice, but has done consulting work for the National Audubon Society's California chapter.

Publications: Professor Doremus has published widely in the areas of environmental and natural resource law.

Other information: Before moving into law, Professor Doremus was trained as a biologist. She holds a PhD in Plant Physiology from Cornell University, where she was a National Science Foundation graduate fellow. After earning her PhD, she worked as a post-doctoral research associate at the University of Missouri, Columbia. Her research focused on plant metabolism, with particular attention to the pathways by which the building blocks of DNA are produced.

DAVID M. DRIESEN

Current Position: David M. Driesen is Associate Professor at the Syracuse University College of Law, an Affiliate of the Maxwell School of Citizenship Center for Environmental Policy and Administration, a member of the Center for Global Law and Practice at Syracuse University College of Law, and an Adjunct Associate Professor at the State University of New York, College of Environmental Science and Forestry.

Expertise: Professor Driesen has taught and written in the areas of environmental law, international environmental law, constitutional law, and administrative law for many years.

Real World Experience: While in academia, Professor Driesen has devoted significant time to defending the constitutionality of environmental law. He represented the United States Public Interest Research Group Education Fund in the American Trucking case before the Supreme Court and the Natural Resources Defense Council in litigation challenging the constitutionality of the northeast's low emission vehicle program. He is currently representing several United States Senators in a challenge to EPA's new source review rules pending in the United States Court of Appeals for the District of Columbia Circuit. He has acted as a consultant for American Rivers and other environmental groups on Clean Water Act issues stemming from the Supreme Court's federalism decisions. And he has testified before Congress on lessons from the implementation of the 1990 Clean Air Act Amendments.

Work and Government Experience: Professor Driesen worked as a project attorney and then senior project attorney in the air and energy program for the Natural Resources Defense Council. He also served on EPA National Pollution Control Techniques Advisory Committee. Prior to that time, he was an Assistant Attorney General in the Special Litigation Division of the Washington State Attorney General's Office and a law clerk to Justice Robert Utter of the Washington State Supreme Court.

Publications: Professor Driesen has published widely in the areas of environmental law and policy. His book, The Economic Dynamics of Environmental Law (MIT Press 2003), seeks to reframe the debate over regulatory reform to take change over time into account. The book argues that static efficiency-based approaches fail to adequately address the tendency of rising population and consumption to increase environmental destruction over time. The book critiques cost-benefit analysis, emissions trading, and free trade-based restrictions on international environmental protection and recommends reforms rooted in an economic dynamic analysis.

Professor Driesen has published articles on emissions trading in the Washington & Lee Law Review and leading environmental journals, on cost-benefit analysis in Ecology Law Quarterly, and on free trade and the environmental in the Virginia Journal of International Law. His articles on constitutional law have appeared in the Pittsburgh Law Review and elsewhere. His writing critiquing the dichotomy between "command and control" regulation and economic incentives has been especially widely cited and has helped spawn a more sophisticated second generation literature on economic incentives.

Other Information: Professor Driesen is known primarily as a critic of efficiency-based law and economics and as a proponent of an alternative approach based on institutional economics and emphasizing stimulation of innovation. He plays trumpet with the Excelsior Cornet Band, the Regal Brass Quintet, and the Syracuse University Brass Ensemble. Before going to law school he taught and performed in symphony orchestras in the United States, Brazil, Mexico, and Austria, learning German, Portuguese, and Spanish in the process.

ALYSON FLOURNOY

Current Position: Professor Flournoy is a tenured full Professor and Director of the Environmental and Land Use Law Program at the University of Florida Levin College of Law in Gainesville.

Expertise: Professor Flournoy has taught various environmental law courses including the environmental law survey course, Advanced Environmental Law and Litigation (a simulation-based skills course emphasizing the pre-trial phase), Comparative Environmental Law, and seminars on environmental law, as well as Administrative Law and Property. She also collaborated with colleagues from Environmental Engineering and Medicine to develop and teach an inter-disciplinary course on Environmental Ethics. In addition to teaching in the United States, she has taught environmental law at Warsaw University as part of the Introduction to American Law Program, and has taught comparative environmental law to classes that included students from France and Latin America in UF Summer Study Abroad Programs in France and Costa Rica. She has supervised LL.M. research on environmental law topics by Comparative Law graduate students from Taiwan, South Korea and Brazil.

Real World Experience: Since 1990, Professor Flournoy has served as a Trustee of Florida Defenders of the Environment (FDE), one of Florida's longest established and best respected conservation groups. She served on the Executive Council of the Board from 1993 to 1995 and as President of the Board of Trustees from 1995 to 1998. FDE was founded in 1969 by citizens who recognized the potentially devastating effects of the proposed Cross Florida Barge Canal. FDE forged a coalition of volunteer specialists from science, economics and law who led the successful effort to halt the project. FDE's work led to the creation of the Marjorie Harris Carr Cross Florida Greenway on lands initially condemned for the Barge Canal. Since that time, FDE has continued its strategy of bringing reliable information to the attention of decision-makers and the public in its ongoing work to restore the Ocklawaha River and to protect Florida's other natural resources. Professor Flournoy also served on a University of Florida Sustainability Task Force charged by President Charles Young to make recommendations on how to make the University of Florida a leader in sustainability. She chaired the effort to create the Environmental and Land Use Law Program and has served as its Director since its inception in 1999.

Work and Government Experience: Professor Flournoy began her legal career in 1983 as a law clerk to Chief Justice Robert Wilentz of the New Jersey Supreme Court. Following her clerkship, she practiced with the firm of Covington and Burling in Washington, D.C., specializing in environmental law. Her work included matters under the Clean Air and Clean Water Acts, the Comprehensive Environmental Response, Compensation, and Liability Act (Superfund), the Toxic Substances Control Act and the National Environmental Policy Act. She also spent six months through the firm's pro bono program working in a Neighborhood Legal Services Program office in Washington, where she handled a variety of housing, benefits and other cases on behalf of indigent clients.

Publications: Professor Flournoy's scholarship focuses on environmental ethics, decision-making processes under environmental and natural resource laws, and on the intersection of science and law. She has addressed these themes in writings about endangered species and forest management, wetlands conservation and restoration, and regulation of toxic substances. Her most recent work focuses on the importance of identifying the values that are embedded in the nation's environmental laws and policies.

Other Information: Professor Flournoy is a member of the Executive Committee of the Environmental Law Section of the American Association of Law Schools. She also serves as an Advisor to the Natural Resources Leadership Institute, an organization founded to help rising leaders develop the skills to help build consensus on contentious environmental issues.

SHEILA FOSTER

Current Position: Professor Foster is a tenured full Professor at Fordham University School of Law in New York City.

Expertise: Professor Foster has taught several courses, including Environmental Law II (covering the treatment of toxic substances and hazardous wastes), Environmental Justice, Tort Law, Anti-discrimination Law, and Race and American Law.

Real World Experience: Professor Foster has provided legal advice and expertise to a number of grassroots environmental justice organizations in New York, New Jersey, and Pennsylvania. For example, she was part of the litigation team suing on behalf of a community group in Camden, New Jersey claiming environmental racism in the placement of a cement recycling plant in their heavily polluted neighborhood. That case, South Camden Citizens in Action vs. New Jersey Department of Environmental Protection was appealed to the United States Supreme Court in 2002. She currently represents another community group, West Harlem Environmental Action, in its pending administrative complaint against the Metropolitan Transit Authority in New York City. That case involves challenging the disproportionate health and environmental impacts arising from the location of six of eight of Manhattan's public bus depots in Harlem, a heavily polluted low-income community.

Work and Government Experience: Professor Foster began her legal career in 1988 at the San Francisco firm of Morrison & Foerster where she represented a variety of clients in a wide range of litigation matters. In 1990, she left to pursue a teaching career and accepted a lecture position at Boalt Hall School of Law, University of California, Berkeley. Simultaneously, while teaching, she also advised and assisted in conducting studies of marketplace discrimination for various local agencies attempting to re-examine their Minority and Woman Business affirmative action programs after a 1989 U.S. Supreme Court decision rendered those programs constitutionally suspect. These studies were crucial to many agencies' ability to re-construct, and hence retain, their affirmative action contracting programs in a constitutionally permissible fashion.

Publications: Professor Foster's primary scholarly focus is dedicated to exploring the intersection of civil rights and environmental law, in a field called "environmental justice." The movement for environmental justice has called attention to the widespread inequitable distribution of a variety of environmental hazards (hazardous wastes, air pollution, lead, etc.) on low-income and minority communities. Professor Foster's scholarship carefully delineates the role of environmental regulation in both producing and alleviating this inequitable distribution. Professor Foster is the author of numerous publications on environmental justice in top law journals as well as chapters in various books on the subject. She is also the co-author of a NYU Press book, From the Ground Up: Environmental Racism and the Rise of the Environmental Justice Movement (2001).

Other Information: Professor Foster serves on the Environmental Law Committee of the New York City Bar Association.

WILLIAM FUNK

Current Position: Professor Funk is a Professor of Law at Lewis & Clark Law School in Portland, Oregon.

Expertise: Professor Funk regularly teaches an introductory course in environmental law and in administrative law. He has also taught toxic tort law, pollution control law, and a seminar on hazardous waste law. As part of government sponsored training programs, he has taught environmental law to federal judges and to employees of the Army Corps of Engineers, the U.S. Forest Service, and the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service.

Real World Experience: Professor Funk left the practice of law for academia in 1983, but has remained actively involved in the everyday world of environmental law and regulatory practice. Over the years, he has consulted for the U.S. Department of Energy, the Administrative Conference of the United States, and the Columbia River Gorge Commission, as well as for attorneys on particular cases. He chaired an advisory committee for the Oregon Department of Environmental Quality (DEQ) that developed Oregon's Green Permit regulations and served for a number of years on an advisory committee for the Oregon DEQ drafting regulations governing hazardous waste cleanups. Professor Funk has been active in the American Bar Association's Section of Administrative Law and Regulatory Practice, where he has chaired committees, has edited its newsletter, and is currently the Chair of the Section.

Work Experience: After receiving his B.A. from Harvard and his J.D. from Columbia, Professor Funk clerked for Judge James Oakes of the U.S. Court of Appeals for the Second Circuit. He then joined the Office of Legal Counsel in the U.S. Department of Justice. After three years in that position, he became the Principal Staff Member of the Legislation Subcommittee of the House Permanent Select Committee on Intelligence. In 1978 he joined the U.S. Department of Energy, first as a Deputy Assistant General Counsel and later as Assistant General Counsel. At the Department of Energy his principal responsibilities first involved the then-petroleum price and allocation system and later energy efficiency regulations and regulatory reform.

Publications: Professor Funk has published widely in the fields of administrative law, constitutional law, and environmental law. In particular he has focused on the intersections of administrative law and environmental law and of constitutional law and environmental law. For example, his article on the Supreme Court's Solid Waste Agency of Northern Cook County decision assesses the constitutional bases for regulating waters of the United States and demonstrated errors in the Court's statutory analysis of the Clean Water Act. His article on EPA's regulation of wood stoves through the use of negotiated rulemaking has been widely reprinted in various casebooks. Professor Funk's current project is a casebook in environmental law entitled Legal Protection of the Environment for the West Group with co-authors Craig Johnston and Victor Flatt.

Other Information: As a law student, Professor Funk was one of the founding editors of the Columbia Journal of Environmental Law. As a law professor, he has chaired both the Natural Resources Section and the Administrative Law Section of the Association of American Law Schools. He has been a frequent speaker on environmental subjects in CLE programs.

EILEEN GAUNA

Current Position: Professor Gauna is a tenured full Professor at Southwestern University School of Law

Expertise: Professor Gauna has taught several courses, including a Federal Environmental Law Survey course, seminars titled Environmental Justice, Environmental Law in a Pluralistic Society, and Women and the Law; she has also taught courses titled Property I; Property II; Property Transactions; Possession and Ownership.

Real World Experience: For the past 11 years, Professor Gauna has worked closely with grassroots environmental justice organizations and networks in the Southwestern United States. For example, she conducted workshops on the applicability of civil rights laws to environmental permitting for the SouthWest Organizing Project, Compadres, and Tucsonians for a Cleaner Environment. She also helped conduct a workshop for grassroots organizations from southern California in preparation for the Second National People of Color Environmental Leadership Summit. She has commented on several proposed agency regulations, highlighting the environmental justice implications of the proposed rules. She worked with Richard Moore, director of the Southwest Network for Environmental and Economic Justice (SNEEJ) and co-chair of the National Environmental Policy Commission (NEPC), in drafting a submission to the NEPC on a proposed legislative strategy to address environmental justice. She has worked with SNEEJ (and its affiliates) and Communities for a Better Environment to examine current proposals to reform new source review and market-oriented proposals under the Clean Air Act, and is now working with a SNEEJ working group on environmental justice legislative initiatives in New Mexico.

Work and Government Experience: Professor Gauna began her legal career in 1985 and entered academia in September of 1991. After a judicial clerkship with Justice Mary C. Walters of the New Mexico Supreme Court, she worked with Poole, Tinnin and Martin, a law firm in Albuquerque, New Mexico, specializing in commercial transactions.

In 1998 Professor Gauna was appointed to an EPA federal advisory committee that examined the applicability of Title VI of the Civil Rights Act to environmental permitting. In connection with her work on the advisory committee, Professor Gauna was a member of a workgroup that developed a template for state and local governments to use in addressing environmental justice, as well as a drafting workgroup that helped prepare the Report to the EPA Administrator of The Title VI Implementation Advisory Committee: Next Steps for EPA, State and Local Environmental Justice Programs (1999). In connection with her work on the Title VI advisory committee, Professor Gauna gave a presentation on the technical aspects of the then-proposed report to grassroots environmental justice representatives in Dallas, Texas.

Professor Gauna is the former member of the EPA's National Environmental Justice Advisory Council (NEJAC), where she served as chair of the Air and Water Subcommittee and member of the Executive Council. She now serves as Committee's Permitting workgroup. In connection with her duties on the NEJAC, Professor Gauna worked on the drafting committee which prepared the following reports to the Administrator: EPA Report: Environmental Justice in the Permitting Process (July 2000), and Report on Integration of Environmental Justice in Federal Agency Programs (December 2000).

In 2002, Professor Gauna was appointed to the California Governor's Office of Planning, Research and Development Environmental Justice Working Group, a multi-stakeholder group appointed to advise the Governor's Office on implementation of environmental justice legislation recently enacted in California. She has also given several presentations on environmental justice at workshops sponsored by the California Air Resources Board.

Publications: Professor Gauna has published widely in the area of environmental justice and has co-authored a casebook titled: Rechtschaffen and Gauna, Environmental Justice: Law, Policy and Environmental Protection (2002).

Other Information: Professor Gauna is the chair of the Executive Committee of the Environmental Law Section of the American Association of Law Schools. She is a former member of the Environmental Justice Committee of the American Bar Association's Individual Rights and Responsibilities Section. In connection with her work on the latter committee, she worked on the development of an educational module on Environmental Justice for use in a standard environmental law survey course, a website on environmental justice, and an essay contest for law students.

ROBERT L. GLICKSMAN

Current Position: Professor Glicksman holds the Robert W. Wagstaff Chair at the University of Kansas School of Law.

Expertise: Professor Glicksman has expertise in both of the two main branches of environmental law, pollution control and public natural resources law. He has taught three different environmental law courses - a survey course covering both of these branches and more specialized courses in regulation of air and water pollution and toxic substances and hazardous waste regulation. He also regularly teaches property law (including regulatory takings cases involving environmental controls) and has taught administrative law. Professor Glicksman has written on all of these topics in the past 20 years.

Real World Experience: Professor Glicksman worked in private practice for four years after graduating from the Cornell Law School. He practiced for Cleary, Gottlieb, Steen & Hamilton, a nationally recognized law firm with an office in Washington, D.C., serving industrial clients in the energy and chemical industries. Professor Glicksman returned to private practice in 1993-94 while on leave from the University of Kansas. During that time, he worked for Lowenstein Sandler, a firm in Roseland, N.J. with a thriving environmental law practice, providing advice to clients on hazardous waste-related issues.

Work and Government Experience: In addition to his experiences in private practice, Professor Glicksman has served as a consultant to the Secretariat for the Commission for Environmental Cooperation. The CEC is an international organization established by the North American Agreement on Environmental Cooperation (the environmental side agreement to NAFTA) on issues pertaining to the resolution of international disputes among Canada and the United States on issues of both domestic and international environmental law. Professor Glicksman's role has been to provide advice concerning the proper disposition of submissions by NGOs seeking a finding by the CEC that the signatory parties have failed to effectively enforce their environmental laws.

Publications: Professor Glicksman has published widely in the areas of pollution control, public natural resources management, and administrative law. His book Risk Regulation At Risk: Restoring a Pragmatic Balance (Stanford University Press 2003, with Sidney Shapiro), takes issue with the notion that economic efficiency should be the sole or even principal criterion governing the establishment and implementation of laws and regulations designed to reduce the health and environmental risks attributable to industrial activities. The authors urge instead a pragmatic approach to risk regulation that takes into account other values. Professor Glicksman is the lead co-author of an environmental law casebook, Environmental Protection: Law and Policy (Aspen Law and Business), now in its fourth edition (with Professors Markell, Mandelker, and Tarlock). Professor Glicksman is also the co-author (with George C. Coggins) of the leading treatise on public land and resource management, Public Natural Resources Law, as well as a student nutshell on the same subject, Modern Public Land Law.

Professor Glicksman's law review articles have been published in journals that include the Pennsylvania Law Review, the Duke Law Journal, the Vanderbilt Law Review, the Columbia Journal of Environmental Law, the Stanford Environmental Law Journal, the UCLA Journal of Environmental Law and Policy, the Oregon Law Review, and the Denver University Law Review. Two of Professor Glicksman's articles on judicial review of environmental decision-making (co-authored with Christopher Schroeder, a CPR Board member), have been singled out for recognition as the best in the field for a particular year and have been republished in the Land Use & Environment Law Review. A third article by Professor Glicksman on regulatory takings was also republished in that review. Another of Professor Glicksman's articles, on the Supreme Court and its treatment of environmental law issues, was designated in 1994 by Professor William Rodgers of the University of Washington as one of the 25 best environmental law articles ever written.

Other Information: Professor Glicksman has been instrumental in the expansion of the environmental law curriculum at the University of Kansas School of Law. He has helped to establish a certificate program in environmental and natural resources law which went into effect this year.

LISA HEINZERLING

Current Position: Lisa Heinzerling is a Professor of Law at the Georgetown University Law Center. She is the Vice President of the Center for Progressive Regulation.

Expertise: Professor Heinzerling has taught and written in the areas of Environmental Law, Risk Regulation, Natural Resources Law, Administrative Law, and Torts for ten years.

Real World Experience: Professor Heinzerling has served as counsel in several cases challenging the constitutionality of important programs and procedures relating to health, safety, and environmental protection. Most prominently, she served as counsel of record in the U.S. Supreme Court for Massachusetts and New Jersey in Whitman v. American Trucking Assns., in which the Court rejected a lower court's decision holding the central program of the federal Clean Air Act unconstitutional. Professor Heinzerling has also testified on regulatory reform and other matters in Congress, and she has participated as a peer reviewer of OMB's annual report on costs and benefits of federal regulation (in 2001) and of EPA's report on assessing the benefits of safe drinking water regulations (in 2000). On numerous occasions, Professor Heinzerling has advised public interest organizations on legal strategy in litigation and agency rulemakings involving health, safety, and environmental protection.

Work and Government Experience: Professor Heinzerling has worked in all three branches of government; at the federal level, she has worked for the judiciary and for Congress, and at the state level, she has worked for the executive branch. She began her legal career as a law clerk, first for Judge Richard Posner of the U.S. Court of Appeals for the Seventh Circuit and then for Justice William J. Brennan, Jr., on the United States Supreme Court. Heinzerling also served as an Assistant Attorney General in the Environmental Protection Division of the Massachusetts Attorney General's Office. Just after coming to Georgetown, she served as Special Counsel to the Senate Judiciary Committee concerning the nomination hearings of Stephen Breyer. In between serving as a law clerk and as an Assistant Attorney General, Heinzerling practiced fair housing law for a small public interest firm in Chicago, as one of the first class of Skadden public interest fellows. In addition to teaching at Georgetown, Heinzerling has also taught as a visiting professor at the Harvard and Yale law schools.

Publications: Professor Heinzerling has published widely in the fields of environmental law and regulatory policy. In more than 20 law review articles and in a forthcoming book, she has made the case for protective health, safety, and environmental standards by emphasizing the multiple values promoted by such standards, including human life and health, nonhuman species, freedom, fairness, and community. In doing so, she has also criticized economic analysis of health, safety, and environmental regulation for its reductive focus on human life as the only value promoted by regulation and for its use of valuation techniques (such as translating lives and health into dollars) that distort and confuse public debate over regulation. In three of the past five years, articles by Professor Heinzerling have been chosen by peers in the field as among the ten best environmental and land use articles of the year.

Other Information: Professor Heinzerling's scholarship debunking the myths that health and environmental regulation frequently requires the expenditure of millions or even billions of dollars for every human life saved, and frequently endangers human life through these expenditures, has helped to revive the case for protective regulation.

DOUGLAS A. KYSAR

Current Position: Professor Kysar is an Assistant Professor of Law at Cornell Law School.

Expertise: Professor Kysar teaches Torts and Legal Ethics, as well as intensive seminar courses on Risk Regulation and International Environmental Law. His scholarship covers two primary subject areas, products liability and environmental law, and is characterized by a strong interdisciplinary approach that fuses conventional legal economic analysis with insights from a range of other relevant disciplines including cognitive and social psychology, ecology, and anthropology.

Real World Experience: Prior to joining the Cornell law faculty, Professor Kysar served as a judicial clerk for the Honorable William G. Young of the United States District Court for the District of Massachusetts. From 2000 to 2001, he practiced corporate law with Foley Hoag LLP. Since joining academia, Professor Kysar has consulted on litigation matters involving toxic torts and professional responsibility.

Work and Government Experience: Currently, Professor Kysar is a co-principal investigator on a Nanoscale Interdisciplinary Research Team grant from the National Science Foundation. His role in this collaborative project is to examine the ethical, political, and legal issues raised by the emergence of new technologies, using the nascent field of nanotechnology as a case study.

Publications: Although he has only been in academia for a short time, Professor Kysar has published works in the Harvard Law Review, the Columbia Law Review, the New York University Law Review, the Northwestern University Law Review, the Cornell Law Review, the Minnesota Law Review, Ecology Law Quarterly, and the Boston College Law Review. These articles cover a range of topics relevant to the regulation of environmental, health, and safety risks, including consumer risk perception, corporate advertising and marketing practices, economic modeling of the environment, and the uses and abuses of scientific information in environmental policy debates. In addition to these works, Professor Kysar has published two chapters in edited volumes, one analyzing the implications of cognitive and social psychology for the understanding and regulation of tobacco products and one exploring the possibilities and limitations of neoclassical economics as a model for legal analysis.

Other Information: Professor Kysar graduated magna cum laude in 1998 from Harvard Law School, where he received the Sears Prize and was a member of the Board of Student Advisors. His article, Law, Environment, and Vision, was selected as the top environmental law submission to the 2002 Stanford-Yale Junior Faculty Forum.

THOMAS O. McGARITY

Current Position: Professor McGarity holds the W. James Kronzer Chair at the University of Texas School of Law. He is the President of the Center for Progressive Regulation.

Expertise: Professor McGarity has taught and written in the areas of Administrative Law, Environmental Law, Occupational Safety and Health Law, Food Safety Law, Science and the Law, and Torts for twenty-five years.

Real World Experience: While in academia, McGarity has served as a consultant and/or advisor to the Administrative Conference of the United States, the Office of Technology Assessment of the U.S. Congress (OTA), the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, the U.S. Occupational Safety and Health Administration (OSHA), the Texas Department of Agriculture, and the Texas Natural Resource Conservation Commission. With Professor Sidney A. Shapiro, Professor McGarity designed and helped initiate a rulemaking prioritization process for OSHA rulemaking during the early 1990s. As a consultant to OTA, Professor McGarity helped write the "Regulatory Tools" report that agencies have frequently cited in designing regulatory programs. As a consultant to the Texas Department of Agriculture, McGarity was a primary draftsperson of that agency's first farmworker protection regulations in the late 1980s. During the mid-1990s, he was also actively involved in the drafting of and negotiations surrounding the federal Food Quality Protection Act.

Work and Government Experience: Professor McGarity began his legal career in the Office of General Counsel of the Environmental Protection Agency. In the private sector, Professor McGarity has served as counsel or consultant in various legal and administrative proceedings to the Natural Resources Defense Council, Public Citizen, the Sierra Club, the American Lung Association, the National Audubon Society, Texas Rural Legal Aid, California Rural Legal Aid, and many local organizations, including, for example, The Bear Creek Citizens for the Best Environment Ever. McGarity has also served on many advisory committees for such entities as the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, the Office of Technology Assessment, and the National Academy of Sciences.

Publications: Professor McGarity has published widely in the areas of regulatory law and policy. His book Reinventing Rationality analyzes the advantages and disadvantages of cost-benefit analysis in regulatory decision-making and describes the use of such regulatory impact assessments by federal agencies and the Office of Management and Budget during the Reagan Administration. Workers at Risk, co-authored with Sidney A. Shapiro, describes rulemaking, implementation and enforcement in the Occupational Safety and Health Administration from its inception in 1970 through 1990. The book then analyzes OSHA's strengths and weaknesses and makes many recommendations for improving standard-setting and enforcement. McGarity's casebook, The Law of Environmental Protection, co-authored with John Bonine, has been used in introductory Environmental Law courses at law schools throughout the country.

Professor McGarity has published dozens of articles on environmental law, administrative law, and toxic torts in prominent law reviews, such as the Harvard Law Review, Chicago Law Review, Pennsylvania Law Review and Law & Contemporary Problems, as well as in specialty journals, such as the Administrative Law Review, the Harvard Environmental Law Review, Risk, and the Kansas Journal of Law & Public Policy, and consumer magazines like the American Prospect and the Hastings Center Report. McGarity has written on federal regulation of biotechnology since the advent of the commercialization of recombinant DNA techniques, and his article in the Duke Law Journal on the "ossification" of the federal rulemaking process, which elaborates on the dangers of encumbering the process of promulgating health and environmental rules with burdensome analytical requirements and review procedures, is frequently cited in the recurrent "regulatory reform" debates.

Other Information: Professor McGarity has been an active participant in efforts to improve health, safety and environmental quality in the United States. He has testified before many congressional committees on environmental, administrative law, and occupational safety and health issues. During the first session of the 104th Congress (the "Gingrich" Congress), Professor McGarity was frequently the lone representative of the view that federal regulation had an important role to play in protecting public health and the environment on panels testifying before House and Senate Committee considering "regulatory reform" legislation. Professor McGarity has also participated in path-breaking legal challenges to government inaction like Environmental Defense Fund v. Blum (a challenge to EPA's decision to allow further use of the carcinogenic pesticide mirex through emergency use exemptions) and Les v. Reilly (a challenge to EPA's failure to establish protective tolerances for eight carcinogenic pesticides). As a result of the latter litigation, the pesticide industry was forced to accept the greater protections afforded children in the Food Quality Protection Act of 1996.

JOEL A. MINTZ

Current Position: Joel A. Mintz is a tenured full professor at Nova Southeastern University Law Center in Fort Lauderdale, Florida.

Expertise: For more than 20 years, Professor Mintz has taught a variety of substantive and clinical environmental law courses, including offerings on the federal law of pollution control, comparative environmental law, environmental aspects of land use planning, and other subjects. He has written extensively on environmental enforcement, the Superfund program, growth management, sustainable development, and certain international environmental agreements.

Real World Experience: Professor Mintz co-founded and co-directs Nova Southeastern Law Center's in-house Environmental and Land Use Law Clinic, which provides representation to environmental citizens groups and neighborhood organizations in matters that concern implementation of the Florida Growth Management Act and protection of the Everglades and the Florida Keys. He has testified as a legal expert witness in judicial and administrative proceedings, and has given numerous presentations on environmental topics at gatherings of professional and trade associations and on radio and television public affairs broadcasts.

Professor Mintz serves on the board of directors of the Environmental and Land Use Law Center, Inc., a not-for-profit environmental public interest law firm based in South Florida. He chairs that firm's Litigation Screening Committee.

Mintz is an elected member of the Environmental Law Commission of the International Union for the Conservation of Nature and of the International Council on Environmental Law, and he is a member of the Environmental Law Institute, the American Society of Writers on Legal Subjects, and other professional, environmental, bar and civic organizations. He currently serves on the Committee on Source Removal of Contaminants in the Subsurface of the National Academy of Sciences/National Research Council. He is also a member of the executive committee of the Section on State and Local Government Law of the Association of American Law Schools, whose Section newsletter he has edited annually since 1991.

In the early and mid-1970's, on a pro-bono basis, Professor Mintz lobbied successfully for the passage of the federal Surface Mining Control and Reclamation Act. In recognition of those voluntary efforts, President Carter invited him to attend the White House ceremony at which that statute was formally signed into law.

Work and Government Experience: Prior to becoming a professor at Nova Southeastern, Professor Mintz worked for six years as an enforcement attorney and supervisory attorney with the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency in Chicago and Washington, D.C. He handled or supervised numerous complex cases involving air, water, and hazardous waste/groundwater pollution from such varied industries as iron and steel, electric utilities, petroleum, pulp and paper, portland cement, and rubber manufacturing. Mintz was the lead attorney on the first EPA criminal contempt case brought in a U.S. District Court to redress a knowing violation of a signed Consent Decree; and he served as a Special Assistant U.S. Attorney in the Eastern District of Wisconsin with respect to a precedent-setting Grand Jury investigation into criminal violations of the Clean Water Act. In recognition of his EPA enforcement work, he received EPA's Special Service Award as well as its Bronze Medal for Commendable Service.

Professor Mintz also worked (more briefly) as a law clerk with both the Natural Resources Defense Council and the Public Education Association, and as an editor for West Publishing Company (now West Group, Inc.) in New York.

Publications: Professor Mintz has published extensively in the fields of environmental law and state and local taxation and finance. He authored a critically acclaimed history of EPA's enforcement programs, Enforcement at the EPA: High Stakes and Hard Choices (University of Texas Press, 1995), and a well received treatise on the potential liabilities of subnational governments under federal environmental laws, State and Local Government Environmental Liability (West Group, Inc., 1994), which he has updated on an annual basis. Mintz also co-authored an introductory casebook on environmental law (published in 2000 by Lexis-Nexis, Inc.), and State and Local Taxation and Finance in a Nutshell (with Gelfand and Salsich, West Group, Inc., 2000).

In addition, Professor Mintz has written several book chapters and contributions, and he is the author of numerous law review articles that have appeared in journals published at Harvard, Yale, Virginia, Georgetown, Columbia and other well known law schools. His journal articles have repeatedly been considered to be among the 30 best articles of the year in the environmental law field by peer reviewers.

Other Information: Professor Mintz has consulted, on an informal basis, with officials of the EPA with regard to environmental issues and policy matters. He has peer reviewed the written work of other academics in several disciplines. His name appears on a list, compiled by the U.S. Department of State, of potential speakers at U.S. embassies and consulates with respect to environmental issues.

CLIFFORD RECHTSCHAFFEN

Current Position: Professor Rechtschaffen is a Professor and Director of the Environmental Law Program at Golden Gate University School of Law. He is also Co-Director of Golden Gate's Environmental Law and Justice Clinic. Golden Gate's environmental law program has been ranked among the top 20 in the nation by U.S. News & World Report in two of the past four years.

Expertise: Professor Rechtschaffen has taught a variety of environmental, toxics, natural resource, and environmental clinical courses for the past ten years. He has written in the areas of environmental enforcement, federal/state relations, environmental justice, information disclosure and right-to-know laws, and control of lead-based paint poisoning.

Real World Experience: Professor Rechtschaffen co-founded in 1994 and co-directs Golden Gate's in-house Environmental Law and Justice Clinic, which provides direct representation to low-income communities and communities of color on environmental justice, public health, toxics, and air quality matters. The clinic has received awards from the American Bar Association, the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, and the San Francisco Board of Supervisors.

Professor Rechtschaffen is an active member of the California League for Environmental Enforcement Now (CLEEN), which coordinates legislative, administrative, and litigation efforts on behalf of environmental groups engaged in Proposition 65 enforcements. (Proposition 65 is an anti-toxics initiative passed by California voters in 1986.)

Professor Rechtschaffen served from 1994 to 1997 as a member of the Advisory and Drafting Committees of Lead Safe California, a multi-stakeholder group convened to address the problem of lead-based paint poisoning. In that role he helped draft a comprehensive California lead-poisoning prevention statute, and testified in support of it to numerous stakeholder meetings and before the California legislature.

Professor Rechtschaffen helped draft legislation in 1999 requiring California to publish an annual state of the environment report (passed by the legislature but vetoed by Governor Gray Davis). He has advised the election campaigns of Governor Davis in 1998 and Attorney General Bill Lockyer in 1998 and 2002 on environmental issues. He has been an informal consultant to the California Attorney General's Office Task Force on Environmental Justice. He served as a consultant on environmental justice issues to the California Department of Health Services Electric and Magnetic Field Risk Evaluation project.

Professor Rechtschaffen is a volunteer mediator for environmental cases with the U.S. District Court for the Northern District of California. He serves on the Executive Committee of the California State Bar Environmental Law Section, which consists of approximately 2,500 attorneys in the state.

Work and Government Experience: Prior to becoming a professor at Golden Gate, Professor Rechtschaffen worked for seven years in the Environment Section of the California Attorney General's Office. In that role he litigated cases involving the National Environmental Policy Act, the California Environmental Quality Act, wetlands, air toxics, hazardous waste law, and state and federal Superfund laws. He was also one of three lawyers representing the state in defending and enforcing California's landmark right-to-know toxics initiative, Proposition 65. Professor Rechtschaffen also was a Reginald Heber Smith Community Lawyer ("Reggie") Fellow with the Legal Aid Society of Marin County from 1985 to 1986, and a law clerk to Judge Thelton Henderson, U.S. District Court, Northern District of California, from 1984 to 1985.

Before law school Professor Rechtschaffen served as a legislative aide to U.S. Senator Donald Stewart (Alabama) from 1978 to 1980, with responsibility for housing, urban development, and related issues. Professor Rechtschaffen also worked as a program consultant for Rural America, a public interest and advocacy group representing low income residents in rural communities, and as a field liaison for Common Cause, working on sunshine in government and campaign financing issues.

Publications: Professor Rechtschaffen has published widely, including two recent books. The first, Environmental Justice: Law, Policy and Regulation (with Professor Eileen Gauna), is a comprehensive casebook about environmental justice, a significant and dynamic contemporary development in environmental law. The second, Reinventing Environmental Enforcement and the State/Federal relationship (with Dave Markell), explores the current debates about shifting environmental enforcement from a deterrence-based approach to one emphasizing cooperation, and devolving greater environmental enforcement authority to the states from the federal government.

Other Information: Professor Rechtschaffen has testified before the California Legislature about the State's Superfund law and about a proposed Childhood Lead Poisoning Prevention Act. He has helped organize numerous community and professional workshops about environmental justice. He also organized and conducted a training session about lead poisoning for California judges and court commissioners.

CHRISTOPHER H. SCHROEDER

Current Position: Professor Schroeder holds the Charles S. Murphy Chair, at Duke University School of Law, and is Professor of Law and Public Policy Studies. He is a member of the board of directors of the Center for Progressive Regulation.

Expertise: Professor Schroeder has taught and written in the areas of Environmental Law and Policy, Constitutional Law, Tort Law and Philosophy, and Administrative Law for more than twenty years.

Real World Experience: While in academia, Schroeder has served as a consultant or advisor to the Solar Energy Research Institute, the Department of Energy, the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, the National Commission on Air Quality, the National Academy of Sciences, the Judiciary Committee of the United States Senate, and the United States Department of Justice. Prior to beginning his academic career, Professor Schroeder represented Environmental Defense in rate-making proceedings before the California Utilities Commission, seeking the incorporation of energy conservation and renewable energy measures into the expansion plans of public utilities. Under contract with the Department of Energy, Professor Schroeder studied the impact of large-scale coal-fired power plants, and made recommendations urging development of smaller scale modular facilities. He has testified before committees of the United States House and the Senate on a variety of subjects.

Work and Government Experience: Before entering teaching, Professor Schroeder was a partner in a small San Francisco law firm, devoting approximately one-third of his time to environmental representations involving California energy issues. He has also worked for Lawrence Livermore Laboratories, examining legal and institutional impediments to conservation and renewable resource development. He represented the Clean Air Trust in Whitman v. American Trucking Associations, a challenge to EPA's ozone and particulate matter standards, and is representing the Trust in administrative and judicial proceedings concerned with EPA's revisions to the New Source Review process. He currently serves on a National Academy of Sciences advisory committee, examining at EPA's request the use of data from non-therapeutic studies involving humans. Since entering teaching, Schroeder has taken several leaves of absence to do government service. He has served as chief counsel of the U.S. Senate Judiciary Committee and as special counsel to that committee. He also served for three years in the U.S. Department of Justice, Office of Legal Counsel, including as Acting Assistant Attorney General.

Publications: Professor Schroeder has written on a variety of subjects in the areas of environmental law and policy, risk regulation, constitutional law and the workings of democracy. He co-authors one of the leading environmental law casebooks, Environmental Regulation: Law, Science and Policy, now in its 4th edition and used in law schools and undergraduate courses throughout the country. He is currently editing a book to be published by Resources for the Future, Assessing EPA, which examines many facets of EPA's performance in the 1990s, with recommendations for reform or improvement.

Professor Schroeder has been special editor of four volumes of Law & Contemporary Problems, whose subject matters have been regulating the chemical industry, evaluating the EPA after its first 20 years, the independent council statute, and the relationship between law and politics. Together which Professor Robert Glicksman, Schroeder has co-authored several studies of the disposition of environmental cases in the federal courts, most recently including a study of the treatment of science in the federal courts. The most recent of these publications, which included a statistical analysis of all the cases in the federal courts of appeals in the last decade, was recognized as one of the five best articles in environmental law in 2001.

Professor Schroeder has published numerous articles and book chapters on environmental law and policy, on the regulation of risk, and on the development of environmental policy within a constitutional democracy. His articles have appeared in the Columbia Law Review, the Michigan Law Review, and Law & Contemporary Problems, the Environmental Law Reporter and Litigation (the journal of the ABA Litigation Section), as well as in compilations and edited books. Recently, his writing has been examining the adequacy of so-called "third way" environmental solutions as a means to break through policy impasses, the implications of the Supreme Court's recent federalism decisions on environmental policy, and the role of the courts generally in influencing environmental law and policy.

Other Information: Schroeder is a principal investigator on a pending NIEHS grant application to establish an Environmental Health Sciences Research Center at Duke, to study vulnerable populations, with emphasis on toxicogenomics, toxicogenetics and comparative biology. He sits on the executive committee of the Center for Environmental Solutions at Duke, a multi-disciplinary research center dedicated to studying and recommending constructive solutions to major international and national environmental problems. He also directs the Program in Public Law, which is devoted to public and professional education regarding the laws that regulate the behavior of public officials. Since September 11, 2001 he has spoken often on the war on terrorism, and the balance between civil liberties and national security. As information secrecy and government reorganization have implications for environmental law and policy, his research has begun turning to these terrorism-related issues as well.

SIDNEY A. SHAPIRO

Current Position: Professor Shapiro holds the John M. Rounds Chair at the University of Kansas School of Law. He is a member of the board of directors of the Center for Progressive Regulation.

Expertise: Professor Shapiro has taught and written in the areas of Administrative Law, Regulatory Law and Policy, Environmental Policy, and Occupational Safety and Health Law for 25 years.

Real World Experience: While in academia, Shapiro has served as a consultant to the Administrative Conference of the United States (ACUS), the Office of Technology Assessment of the U.S. Congress (OTA), and the U.S. Occupational Safety and Health Administration (OSHA). With Professor Thomas O. McGarity, Professor Shapiro designed and helped initiate a rulemaking prioritization process for OSHA rulemaking during the early 1990s. As a consultant to OTA, Professor Shapiro assessed various regulatory tools or options that agencies can use to implement regulation. As a consultant to ACUS, Professor Shapiro studied the efficacy of the regulatory process at EPA (noise control), OSHA, and the Food and Drug Administration (FDA).

Work and Government Experience: Professor Shapiro began his legal career as a trial attorney in the Bureau of Competition of the Federal Trade Commission and later worked as the Deputy Legal Counsel, Secretary's Review Panel on New Drug Regulation at the Department of Health, Education and Welfare.

Publications: Professor Shapiro has published widely in the areas of regulatory law and policy. His book, Risk Regulation at Risk: Restoring a Pragmatic Approach, analyzes health and safety and environmental protection laws and policy, and argues for a pragmatic approach to policy in these areas instead of using economic analysis to set regulatory goals. Workers at Risk, co-authored with Thomas O. McGarity, describes rulemaking, implementation and enforcement in the Occupational Safety and Health Administration from its inception in 1970 through 1990. The book analyzes OSHA's strengths and weaknesses and makes many recommendations for improving standard-setting and enforcement. Shapiro's casebook, Administrative Law and Procedure: A Problem Approach, co-authored with William Funk and Russell Weaver, is used in administrative law courses at law schools throughout the country. His casebook, Regulatory Policy and Law, is the first of its kind, and is used to train lawyers to evaluate and advocate for public policy.

Professor Shapiro has published dozens of articles on regulatory policy, health and safety laws, environmental law and administrative law in prominent law reviews, such as the Harvard Law Review, Duke Law Journal and the Wake Forest Law Review, as well as in specialty journals, such as the Administrative Law Review and the Ecology Law Quarterly.

Other Information: Professor Shapiro has been an active participant in efforts to improve health, safety and environmental quality in the United States. He has testified before congressional committees on administrative law and occupational safety and health issues. He has worked with various public interest groups in advisory and support capacities, including Public Citizen Global Trade Watch, Public Citizen Congress Watch, and OMB Watch.

RENA I. STEINZOR

Current Position: Professor Steinzor is a tenured full Professor at the University of Maryland School of Law. She directs the Environmental Law Clinic, which is part of a program ranked fourth in the country by U.S. News & World Reports. The Clinic, which typically enrolls 12 student attorneys in both the fall and spring semesters, represents clients in the litigation, legislative, and regulatory arenas. She is a member of the board of directors of the Center for Progressive Regulation.

Expertise: Professor Steinzor has taught an Environmental Law survey course, a seminar in Environmental Law and Science, and a seminar in Counseling and Negotiation of Complex Civil Matters that is based on current environmental and regulatory issues. She has written in the areas of (1) environmental federalism, including so-called "unfunded mandates" imposed on state and local governments by the federal government and the impact on public health of devolving authority and responsibility for solving environmental problems; (2) the implications of industry self-regulation on the protection of the environment and human health; and (3) so-called "market-based" alternatives to traditional regulation; and the soundness of the science used by EPA to make regulatory decisions.

Real World Experience: While in academia, Professor Steinzor spent her sabbatical year as the Academic Fellow at the Natural Resources Defense Council, assisting the organization in responding to proposals to reinvent environmental regulation, from the increased consideration of "sound" science in agency decision-making, to the substitution of "cap and trade" systems for traditional pollution controls, to proposals to make information provided to the government secret in the wake of the terrorists attacks of September 11, 2001.

Professor Steinzor also served as the Project Manager for the development of a curriculum to teach scientific principles involved in risk assessment to lay environmental professionals. The curriculum was developed under a $140,000 grant from EPA, in collaboration with Dr. Linda Greer, a senior environmental toxicologist at the Natural Resources Defense Council. Its purpose is to teach science to lay people active in environmental decision-making by considering scientific principles in a context informed by the legal and policy issues that science is required to resolve. It is designed to offer 30 hours of instruction and consists of nine lectures covering (1) chemicals in the environment; (2) chemical fate and transport; (3) assessing chemical releases; (4) fate and transport models; (5) consequence assessment through toxicology; (6) consequence assessment through epidemiology; (7) consequence assessment through ecotoxicology; (8) risk assessment; and (9) pollution control. Each lecture culminates with a class exercise that applies the scientific concepts learned in each lecture to a single, recurring scenario involving the remediation of a brownfields site.

Professor Steinzor also served as a consultant to the U.S. EPA Title VI Implementation Advisory Committee, authoring a report explaining the deliberations of this subcommittee of "stakeholders" concerned about the application of federal prohibitions on discrimination to environmental permitting decisions.

Work and Government Experience: Professor Steinzor began her legal career in 1976, and entered academia in January 1994. From 1987 through 1993, she was associated - first as "of counsel" and ultimately as the partner in charge of the environmental practice - at Spiegel & McDiarmid, a 45-lawyer, Washington, D.C. firm representing approximately 400 cities, counties, states, and public agencies in the energy, environmental, communications, and transportation fields. The practice counseled federal, state, and municipal clients regarding compliance with federal and state laws and regulations and represented them in resolving federal enforcement actions, as well as cases alleging their liability under the federal Comprehensive Environmental Response, Compensation and Liability Act (CERCLA or Superfund). While at Spiegel & McDiarmid, Professor Steinzor served as senior staff to the only municipal representative on the National Superfund Commission. She also served as co-counsel to the Alliance of Responsible Energy Systems for Energy Access, a nationwide coalition of publicly-owned electric systems formed to lobby Congress and intervene before EPA concerning the acid rain provisions of the 1990 Clean Air Act Amendments, and as co-counsel to the Transmission Access Policy Study Group, a nationwide coalition of consumer-owned utilities, and consumer and environmental groups formed to lobby Congress regarding the transmission access provisions of the Energy Policy Act of 1992.

Prior to joining Spiegel & McDiarmid, Professor Steinzor served as Staff Counsel, Subcommittee on Commerce, Transportation, and Tourism of the Energy and Commerce Committee, U.S. House of Representatives (James J. Florio, Chairman). She was the primary staff person responsible for legislation that became the "Superfund Amendments and Reauthorization Act of 1986" (Public Law 99-499) and the "Asbestos Hazard Emergency Response Act" (Public Law 99-519). She also prepared legislation to reauthorize the Toxic Substances Control Act during the 98th Congress.

Publications: Professor Steinzor has published widely in the areas mentioned above.

Other Information: Professor Steinzor has testified before Congress on several occasions: she provided testimony on environmental federalism before the Senate Committee on Government Affairs; she addressed issues involving terrorist attacks on facilities handling hazardous substances before the Senate Environment & Public Works Committee; she addressed the House Committee on Transportation & Infrastructure on the implications of water quality trading; and she testified before the House Committee on Government Reform regarding the elevation of EPA to cabinet level status.

DAVID C. VLADECK

Current Positions: Professor Vladeck is an Associate Professor of Law and Co-Director of the Institute for Public Representation at Georgetown University Law Center. He is the former Director of the Public Citizen Litigation Group.

Expertise: Professor Vladeck has practiced for more than 25 years in one of the nation's preeminent public interest law firms. He is an expert in the areas of Administrative Law, Occupational Safety and Health Law, Food and Drug Law, First Amendment Law, and Civil Procedure.

Real World Experience: Prior to joining the Georgetown faculty full time, Professor Vladeck spent more than 25 years at Public Citizen Litigation Group, first as a staff attorney, and then for ten years as its director. He has handled a broad range of litigation, including First Amendment, health and safety, civil rights, class actions, and open government cases. He has argued a number of cases before the United States Supreme Court, state courts of last resort, and more than 40 cases before the federal courts of appeal. He also testifies frequently before Congress, writes on administrative and constitutional issues and serves on the Council of the Administrative Law Section of the American Bar Association, and previously served as a Public Member of the Administrative Conference of the United States.

Significant Litigation Experience: Professor Vladeck is considered one the nation's foremost public interest litigators. He is responsible for developing and implementing the successful litigation strategy that forced the Occupational Safety and Health Administration to issue health standards for ethylene oxide, formaldehyde, benzene (on remand from the U.S. Supreme Court), and cadmium, and to issue safety standards for hazard communication in the non-manufacturing sector, grain dust, and the lock out/tag out of energy sources. He represented Members of Congress and environmental groups in a successful challenge to the Environmental Protection Agency's wholesale failure to implement the Clean Air Amendments of 1990. He has played a lead role in the development of the First Amendment "commercial speech doctrine," arguing one landmark case before the United States Supreme Court and drafting briefs in several others. He has handled a number of prison reform cases, including the Supreme Court's recent ruling rejecting the contention that privately run prisons could assert governmental immunity in civil rights litigation brought by inmates. He handled a number of key separation of powers cases, including successful cases attacking the Reagan Administration's effort to impound monies appropriated for low-income housing and job training programs. And he has handled as many, if not more, open government cases than any other lawyer in the nation on behalf of scholars, journalists, Members of Congress, and public interest organizations.

Publications: Professor Vladeck has published widely in a number of areas, including First Amendment law, regulatory law and policy, and issues of justice. He co-authored a chapter on the Rehnquist Court's administrative law decisions in a soon to be issued book on the Rehnquist Court (Random House), and he has authored other book chapters on OSHA law and the regulation of toxic substances (PLI). He has written law review articles on the First Amendment implications of strict regulation of hazardous substances, like tobacco (Southern Illinois Law Review) and dietary supplements (Food and Drug Law Review; Journal of Marketing and Public Policy). And he has recently published articles defending the role of juries in setting liability standards (Seton Hall Law Review) and legal ethics (Kansas Journal of Law and Public Policy).

Other Information: Professor Vladeck has been an active participant in efforts to improve health and safety regulation in the United States. He has testified before many congressional committees on administrative law, constitutional law and occupational safety and health issues. During the "regulatory reform" debates in Congress, Professor Vladeck was one of the few defenders of strengthening the role regulatory agencies play in safeguarding health and safety. He also serves as advisor to a number of public health and public safety organizations, on questions relating to administrative and constitutional law. He has also represented Members of Congress in a number of high-profile litigation matters, and is currently representing 16 members of the House Committee on Government Reform in an effort to force the Bush Administration to make public the year 2000 adjusted census data.

WENDY E. WAGNER

Current Position: Professor Wagner is the Joe A. Worsham Centennial Professor at the University of Texas School of Law, Austin Texas. Prior to joining the University of Texas Law faculty, Professor Wagner was a professor at the Case Western Reserve University School of Law and School of Management, and was a visiting professor at the Columbia Law School and the Vanderbilt Law School.

Expertise: Professor Wagner has taught a number of courses on environmental topics. Within the law school, she has taught an Environmental Law survey course, an advanced course on Toxics, a survey course on Regulation, and seminars on Law and Science and Citizen Participation in Environmental Law (in this latter seminar, the students wrote citizen guides designed to educate citizens about their rights under the environmental laws). Wagner has also co-taught interdisciplinary University-wide courses and seminars on: Lead and the Environment; The Great Lakes and the Environment; Environmental Priority Setting; Environmental Justice; the Automobile and the Environment; and Complex Problem Solving: A Case Study on the Environment. Wagner writes primarily in the area of environmental law and science, exploring the ways that science is used and misused in decision-making by the courts, Congress, and the agencies.

Real World Experience: While in academia, Professor Wagner has participated as an officer or committee member in a number of professional societies, including several sections of the American Bar Association; the Society for Risk Analysis; the National Conference of Lawyers and Scientists; and a task force initiated by U.S. Representative Dennis Kucinich.

Professor Wagner has also participated as a speaker at various conferences convened for the practicing bar, environmental scientists, and governmental policymakers. Professor Wagner has spoken at local bar associations, given presentations for Continuing Legal Education programs, spoken at a variety of scientific meetings, and presented papers at meetings convened for government officials by the U.S. EPA and the Harvard Center for Risk Analysis. Professor Wagner was a guest speaker on the national public radio show "Science Friday" (part of "Talk of the Nation"), which spotlighted the EPA's recently promulgated standards for ozone and particulates. Professor Wagner was also an invited expert for a hearing on delegation convened by the Subcommittee on National Economic Growth, Natural Resources, and Regulatory Affairs of the House Committee on Government Reform, U.S. Congress.

Professor Wagner recently collaborated with two other UT colleagues (Thomas McGarity and Lynn Blais) on a U.S. EPA-funded project identifying the problems associated with, and the legal authority available for regulating air toxins in the state of Texas. The Texas Council for Environmental Quality commissioned the project and plans to use the results in its regulation writing and legislative activities. Professor Wagner also produced a report with colleague McGarity for the Wilson Center for International Scholars this past year on the types of legal challenges that can be filed against EPA's environmental models and their past success in court.

Work and Government Experience: Professor Wagner began her legal career in 1987. From 1987-88, she served as a law clerk for the Honorable Albert Engel, the Chief Judge of the U.S. Court of Appeals, Sixth Circuit, in Grand Rapids, Michigan. Professor Wagner then served as an Honors Attorney at the Environmental Enforcement Section of the Environment Division at the Department of Justice in Washington, D.C. While an attorney at DOJ, Professor Wagner was the first or second chair on a number of prominent cases, including U.S. v. Vertac, a large Superfund case, and U.S. v. City of Seattle, one of the first natural resource damage cases brought by the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration under the Superfund law. Wagner then moved to the General Counsel Office of the Department of Agriculture in 1991 where she served as the Pollution Control Coordinator and established a central office, with six satellite legal offices, to manage and advise DOA agencies on compliance under the pollution control laws. Professor Wagner began her academic career in 1992 as an assistant professor at the CWRU School of Law.

Publications: Professor Wagner has published widely in the areas of law and science, and presented a number of papers in a wide variety of academic and practice-based settings.

Other: Professor Wagner is also trained as an ecologist. After majoring in biology at Hanover College (graduating summa cum laude), she received a masters degree from the Yale School of Forestry and Environmental Studies and began (but did not finish) a PhD in ecology from the University of Virginia School of Environmental Science. Throughout this period (1979 through 1984 and the fall of 1988), Wagner's research focused primarily on the ecology of benthic diatoms in wetland systems. She conducted research and coursework on diatoms at summer research institutes at the Marine Biological Laboratory, Woods Hole, Massachusetts; the University of Michigan Research Station in Pellston Michigan; and the Iowa Lakeside Laboratory in Okoboji, Iowa.

DAVID A. WIRTH

Current Position: David A. Wirth is Professor of Law and Director of International Programs at Boston College Law School in Newton, Massachusetts.

Expertise: Professor Wirth has taught and written in the areas of Public International Law, Foreign Relations Law of the United States, International Environmental Law, European Union Law, International Human Rights, International Organizations, Administrative Law, and Clinical Legal Education. He has had more than two decades of experience teaching, researching and working in his specialty of international environmental law.

Real World Experience: In 2001 Professor Wirth served as a legal expert on the delegation of Belgium to the Sixth Session, Part Two, of the Conference of the Parties to the Framework Convention on Climate Change. On behalf of the 15-member European Union, Professor Wirth served as a principal negotiator of the critical compliance section of the Bonn Agreement, which rescued the Kyoto Protocol from collapse after the United States announced its intention not to ratify. In 1997 Professor Wirth served as consultant to the United Nations Development Program, for which he drafted its public information and document disclosure policy. He has prepared studies for the United Nations Environment Program and the North American Commission for Environmental Cooperation. Professor Wirth has served as a consultant to the C.S. Mott Foundation, for which he evaluated the environmental policies of the World Bank and the regional development banks. He has also served on the selection committee for, and as a consultant to, the German Marshall Fund of the United States' Environmental Fellowship Program, which supports transatlantic exchanges of environmental specialists.

Public Interest and Government Experience: Professor Wirth began his legal career in the Office of the Legal Adviser of the U.S. Department of State in Washington, D.C., where he had principal responsibility for all international environmental issues, including exports of hazardous substances and technologies, acid rain, and stratospheric ozone depletion. Subsequently, Professor Wirth served as Senior Attorney and Co-Director of the International Program at the Washington, D.C. office of the Natural Resources Defense Council (NRDC), a nonprofit public interest law firm specializing in environmental issues. While there, he worked on a variety of international environmental issues, including environmental reform of the World Bank and regional development banks, the "greenhouse" effect, Soviet and eastern European environmental issues, stratospheric ozone depletion, and exports of hazardous substances. In his positions at the Department of State and NRDC, Professor Wirth has had extensive experience in multilateral negotiations under the auspices of the United Nations Environment Program, the Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development, the UN Economic Commission for Europe, and other international organizations. In the late 1990s Professor Wirth returned to full-time public interest work, directing a policy dialogue on trade and the environment sponsored by the Community Nutrition Institute. He continues to work actively in the government and public interest sectors, most recently serving as acting chair of a federal advisory committee, which advises the Environmental Protection Agency on international policy among the NAFTA countries.

Publications: Professor Wirth is the author of more than 50 articles and reports on international environmental law and policy for legal, academic, and popular audiences. He is currently working with a group of other authors on new editions of two of the leading legal textbooks, one on environmental law and the other on international organizations. His publications have appeared in the Yale Law Journal, the Columbia Law Review, the Virginia Law Review, Foreign Policy, and the American Journal of International Law.

Other Information: Professor Wirth has been an active participant in shaping many of the major international environmental policy developments over the past two decades. He has played a leading role as a public policy advocate on the issues of global warming, trade and the environment, stratospheric ozone depletion, and the environmental performance of the multilateral banks, among others. He has delivered testimony on international environmental issues on 18 occasions before nine different congressional committees. Professor Wirth holds undergraduate and graduate degrees in chemistry, has worked as an analytical chemist in industry, and was a recipient of a prestigious National Science Foundation Fellowship. He speaks Russian and holds a certificate in language and culture from what was then Leningrad State University. He has been the recipient of many prominent fellowships and awards, including appointments as a Fulbright Fellow; a Resident Scholar at the Rockefeller Foundation Study Center in Bellagio, Italy; a Pew Faculty Fellow in International Affairs at Harvard University; and a Resident Fellow at the Center for Studies and Research at the Hague Academy of International Law. In recognition of his professional stature, Professor Wirth in 1998 was appointed a life member of the Council on Foreign Relations.